Generic selectors
Exact matches only
Search in title
Search in content
Post Type Selectors
Filter by Categories
Case Report
Case Series
Editorial
Guest Editorial
Message
Opinion Article
Original Article
Review Article
Short Communication
Student Forum
Systematic Review
Generic selectors
Exact matches only
Search in title
Search in content
Post Type Selectors
Filter by Categories
Case Report
Case Series
Editorial
Guest Editorial
Message
Opinion Article
Original Article
Review Article
Short Communication
Student Forum
Systematic Review
View/Download PDF

Translate this page into:

Case Report
2021
:11;
4
doi:
10.25259/AJOHAS_7_2021

Recombinant human PDGF-BB in combination with mineralized freeze-dried bone allograft in the treatment of Grade II furcation involvement: A case report

Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Unizah, Qassim-Saudi Arabia.

*Corresponding author: Abdullah Saleh Almutairi, Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Unizah, Qassim-Saudi Arabia. dr.almutairi@qu.edu.sa

Licence
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

How to cite this article: Almutairi AS. Recombinant human PDGF-BB in combination with mineralized freeze-dried bone allograft in the treatment of Grade II furcation involvement: A case report. Asian J Oral Health Allied Sci 2021;11:4.

Abstract

Recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB (rhPDGF-BB) is commercially available biomaterial that can be used to regenerate the lost periodontal structure due to progression of periodontitis. The present case describes the surgical treatment of localized periodontitis with furcation Grade II involvement using platelet-derived growth factor BB (growth-factor enhanced matrix 21S) in combination with particulate allograft bone (mineralize freeze-dried bone allograft [FDBA]).This case report showed complete furcation closure after using rhPDGF-BB in combination with FDBA to treat localized periodontitis case with Grade II furcation involvement.

Keywords

Freeze-dried bone allograft
Furcation
Periodontitis
Recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor BB
Regeneration

INTRODUCTION

Periodontitis is a highly prevailing, chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease related to dysbiotic plaque biofilms and characterized by progressive destruction of the tooth-supporting structures. If left untreated, the prognosis is hopeless leading to loss of the tooth. To successfully treat periodontitis, there are three treatment phases: Phase 1: Initial/hygienic/non-surgical, Phase 2: Surgical, and Phase 3: Maintenance.[1,2] The first phase, non-surgical phase includes oral hygiene instructions and scaling and root planing. After 4–6 weeks of non-surgical phase, the need for the second phase (surgical phase) can be determined by evaluating the case clinically. In surgical phase, there are many different surgical techniques and dental materials that can be used to treat periodontitis. One of these materials is recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor BB (rhPDGF-BB).

rhPDGF-BB is a potent wound healing growth factor and stimulator of the proliferation and recruitment of both periodontal ligament (PDL) and bone cells.[3] rh-PDGF was the first recombinant protein to be approved by the US FDA for the treatment of chronic foot ulcers in diabetic patients.[4] Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB is a powerful promoter of cell proliferation and increases the expression of stem cell markers; inhibits collagen production and mineralization but accelerates the maturation of collagen chains through increased lysyl oxidase (LOX) activity and Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) expression.[5]

In 2005, the US FDA approved PDGF-BB (growth-factor enhanced matrix [GEM] 21S) for the treatment of intrabony periodontal defect, furcation defects, and gingival recession cases associated with periodontal defects. Periodontitis with furcation involvement represents a challenge for the clinician because of complex anatomic morphology of furcation area such as concavities of furcation roofs, narrow dimensions of furcation entrances, cervical enamel projections, and bifurcation ridges. These anatomical factors complicate diagnosis of furcation involvement and restrict access for periodontal instrumentation which will result in inappropriate or insufficient debridement.[6] There are several types of treatment such as non-surgical periodontal treatment, open flap debridement, resective surgery, and regenerative surgery. There are several surgical regenerative techniques can be used to treat furcation involvements such as guided tissue regeneration (GTR), bone replacement grafts (autografts, allografts, xenografts, and alloplasts), biological agents such as enamel matrix derivative, PDGF, platelet-rich plasma, platelet-rich fibrin, and combinations of them.[7] According to systematic review by Avila-Ortiz et al.,[8] regenerative therapy for the treatment of maxillary buccal or interproximal and mandibular buccal or lingual Class II furcation involvement is predictable where most Class I furcation involvements may be successfully treated with non-regenerative therapy.[8]

The present case describes the surgical treatment of localized periodontitis with Grade II furcation involvement using PDGF-BB (GEM 21S) in combination with particulate allograft bone (mineralize freeze-dried bone allograft [FDBA]).

CASE REPORT

Presentation

A 63-year-old female was referred to the Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, Qassim University (Buraydah, Saudi Arabia) for the evaluation of tooth #37. The patient reported having history of hypercholesterolemia and was taking Lipitor (Simvastatin 20 mg bid) as prescribed by her physician. She also reported having hypothyroidism and was taking Armour Thyroid 60 mg once daily. Dental history revealed her lower left first molar, and second premolar was extracted 5 years ago due to caries. Healing after extraction was uneventful. Periodontal examination revealed that all probing depths were <3 mm with generalized recession 1–2 mm except for tooth #37. The probing depths for tooth #37 was 4 mm on mesiobuccal site, 7 mm on mid-buccal, 5 mm on distobuccal, and 3 mm on the lingual site with bleeding on probing present in the mid-buccal site [Figure 1]. There was 2–3 mm recession on the buccal site [Figure 2]. In addition, there was Grade II buccal furcation involvement according to 1975 Hamp’s classification. No tooth mobility was detected.

Evaluation of tooth #37 – Bleeding on probing and recession evident.
Figure 1:
Evaluation of tooth #37 – Bleeding on probing and recession evident.
Evaluation of probing pocket depth using UNC-15 probe.
Figure 2:
Evaluation of probing pocket depth using UNC-15 probe.

Diagnosis

From the clinical findings, according to the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions 2017,[9] the case was diagnosed as localized periodontitis Stage III Grade A.

A periapical radiograph was taken to evaluate the tooth [Figure 3]. The radiographic examination revealed slight widening of PDL space on the mesial aspect of the mesial root and slight furcation bone loss based on the radiolucency seen. After consulting with her referring dentist, it was decided to treat the site surgically with rhPDGF-BB in combination with mineralized freeze-dried bone allograft since the patient received non-surgical periodontal treatment 2 months ago. Consultation with her physician was made for recommendations and to make sure there are no contraindications for periodontal surgery. The treatment plan was explained to the patient, and a written informed consent was acquired.

Radiographic evaluation of #37 showing widening of periodontal ligament space and radioluceny at the furcation site.
Figure 3:
Radiographic evaluation of #37 showing widening of periodontal ligament space and radioluceny at the furcation site.

Treatment

Under sterile aseptic conditions, infiltration was done using local anesthesia with 2% lidocaine and 1:100,000 epinephrine to anesthetize the surgical area. A full-thickness sulcular incision was made on the buccal aspect of tooth #37 then crestal incision was made mesial and distal to #37. The flap was elevated to expose the affected area with no incision or reflection on the lingual side. An evident intrabony defect on the buccal aspect of tooth #37 with furcation bone loss was found [Figure 4]. Granulation tissue was removed using surgical curettes. Scaling and root planing of tooth #37 was performed using ultrasonic scaler and the site was irrigated using sterile normal saline. The distance between the furcal roof and the base of the defect was approximately 4 mm with intrabony defect. The grafting material rhPDGF-BB (GEM 21S®USA) was mixed with FDBA (OraGRAFT®, USA) [Figure 5] and this mixture was applied to site to fill the furcation and intrabony defects [Figure 6]. Flap was sutured with 4-0 non-resorbable PTFE sutures (Cytoplast™ Sutures, Osteogenics Biomedical) [Figure 7]. Post-operative instructions were given to the patient. Post-operative medications, include 400 mg ibuprofen 3 times a day for 5 days, 875 mg amoxicillin twice daily for 1 week, and 0.12% chlorhexidine mouth wash twice a day for 2 weeks, were prescribed to the patient.

Surgical entry to evaluate furcation defect raising full-thickness flap.
Figure 4:
Surgical entry to evaluate furcation defect raising full-thickness flap.
rhPDGF-BB (GEM 21S®USA) and FDBA (OraGRAFT®, USA). rhPDGF-BB: Recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor BB, GEM: Growth-factor enhanced matrix, FDBAP: Freeze-dried bone allograft.
Figure 5:
rhPDGF-BB (GEM 21S®USA) and FDBA (OraGRAFT®, USA). rhPDGF-BB: Recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor BB, GEM: Growth-factor enhanced matrix, FDBAP: Freeze-dried bone allograft.
Grafting done using mixture of rhPDGF-BB (GEM 21S®USA) and FDBA (OraGRAFT®, USA) at Grade II furcation defect. rhPDGF-BB: Recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor BB, GEM: Growth-factor enhanced matrix, FDBAP: Freeze-dried bone allograft.
Figure 6:
Grafting done using mixture of rhPDGF-BB (GEM 21S®USA) and FDBA (OraGRAFT®, USA) at Grade II furcation defect. rhPDGF-BB: Recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor BB, GEM: Growth-factor enhanced matrix, FDBAP: Freeze-dried bone allograft.
Closure of the flap using simple interrupted sutures.
Figure 7:
Closure of the flap using simple interrupted sutures.

Follow-up and outcomes

Healing was uneventful. At the 2-week follow-up, the surgical site was healing well, with no signs of infection. The sutures were removed.

At the 3 months follow-up, the surgical site was completely healed. The probing depths were 2 mm for all buccal sites with no furcation involvement [Figure 8]. There was bleeding on probing on the mesiobuccal site. Patient underwent maintenance phase (including scaling and polishing and reinforcement of oral hygiene instructions) at 3 months follow-up.

Revaluation of the tooth #37 at follow-up.
Figure 8:
Revaluation of the tooth #37 at follow-up.

DISCUSSION

The present case report shows the outcome of periodontal surgery using rhPDGF-BB in combination of FDBA to treat localized periodontitis with Grade II furcation involvement. The probing depth reduction was significant at 3 months follow-up. It was 5 mm PD reduction on mid-buccal site which was 7 mm at pre-surgical point.

After reflection of full-thickness flap, a small piece of calculus was detected at cementoenamel junction mid-buccally where probing depth was 7 mm which confirmed the findings of Caffesse et al.[10] study where they found that the percentage of root surface without calculus after scaling and root planing decreased with increasing probing depth. They also found that the extent of residual calculus was greatest at the CEJ.[10]

The distance between the furcal roof and the base of the defect was approximately 4 mm with intrabony defect. According to Machtei and Schallhorn,[11] with this clinical situation, there is better prognosis and complete furcation closure may be accepted[11] which was accomplished in this case.

The patient was kept on 3 months maintenance phase to prevent recurrence of disease for 1-year post-surgery then as needed to maintain the gingival and periodontal health.[12] In this case report, maintenance phase was performed for the patient at 3 months follow-up, and it was mandatory especially with BOP on mesial site which may indicate that the patient did not keep good oral hygiene.

One of the main advantages of using rhPDGF-BB to treat periodontal defect is unnecessity to place membrane over the bone graft. By avoiding using membrane, risk of membrane exposure and other relative complications associated with it can be avoided too. Machtei[13] conducted meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of membrane exposure on the outcome of regenerative procedures in humans. Five studies with a total of 101 sites were included in this study. Out of 101 sited, 43 of these sites were exposed. They concluded that membrane exposure during healing had a major negative effect on GBR around dental implants but only a minimal effect on GTR around natural teeth.[13]

It is documented that rhPDGF-BB is safe and effective in the treatment of periodontal defects and it increases bone formation and aids soft-tissue healing.[14] This case report showed good outcome of using rhPDGF-BB in combination of FDBA to treat localized periodontitis Stage III Grade A with furcation involvement.

CONCLUSION

The present study showed promising results of using rhPDGFBB in combination of FDBA to treat localized periodontitis with furcation involvement. However, more of research and clinical trials must be conducted to eliminate any confounding factors associated with it as well as to authenticate its validity.

Declaration of patient consent

The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

References

  1. , . Ultrasonic vs. Hand instrumentation in periodontal therapy: Clinical outcomes. Periodontol 2000. 2016;71:113-27.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. , . Position paper: Periodontal maintenance. J Periodontol. 2003;74:1395-401.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. , , , , . Periodontal regeneration in humans using recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB (rhPDGF-BB) and allogenic bone. J Periodontol. 2003;74:1282-92.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. , . Evaluation of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor as an agent for wound bed preparation in traumatic wounds. Indian J Plast Surg. 2012;45:203-8.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. , , , , , . Role of PDGF-BB in proliferation, differentiation and maintaining stem cell properties of PDL cells in vitro. Arch Oral Biol. 2018;85:1-9.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. . Anatomic characteristics of the furcation and root surfaces of molar teeth and their significance in the clinical management of marginal periodontitis. Clin Anat. 1998;11:177-86.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  7. , , , , , . Regenerative surgical treatment of furcation defects: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Clin Periodontol. 2020;47:352-74.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. , , . Periodontal regeneration-furcation defects: A systematic review from the AAP Regeneration Workshop. J Periodontol. 2015;86:S108-30.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. , , , , , , et al. Periodontitis: Consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions. J Periodontol. 2018;89:S173-82.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. , , . Scaling and root planing with and without periodontal flap surgery. J Clin Periodontol. 1986;13:205-10.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. , . Successful regeneration of mandibular Class II furcation defects: An evidence-based treatment approach. Int J Periodon Restor Dent. 1995;15:146-67.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. . The role of infection and anti-infection treatment in regenerative therapy. J Periodontol. 1993;64:1166-70.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  13. . The effect of membrane exposure on the outcome of regenerative procedures in humans: A meta-analysis. J Periodontol. 2001;72:512-6.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. , , , , , , et al. Multi-centre, randomized clinical trial on the efficacy and safety of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor with ß-tricalcium phosphate in human intra-osseous periodontal defects. J Clin Periodontol. 2011;38:163-72.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Show Sections